Simultaneous determination of emtricitabine, tenofovir alafenamide fumarate and dolutegravir sodium by validated stability-indicating RP-HPLC-DAD method.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this research was to develop and validate a stability-indicating RP-HPLC technique for simultaneous quantification of Emtricitabine (EMT), Tenofovir Alafenamide Fumarate (TEN), and Dolutegravir Sodium (DOL) in bulk and in their combined formulation. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The developed approach was done on Exterra C18 column (150×4.6mm, 5µm) and Methanol and Buffer (comprising 0.1 (v/v) of Triethylamine and o-phosphoric acid in water, pH 2.6) as mobile phase in the proportion of 75:25 (v/v), eluted at 1mL/min. The analytes were quantified using DAD detector at 265nm. RESULTS: The approach was validated in accordance with the ICH guidelines. Linearity, precision, accuracy, specificity, Limit of Detection (LOD), Limit of Quantitation (LOQ), and robustness were used to validate the proposed method. Linear response was found in the range of 500-1500µg/mL for EMT, 62.5-187.5µg/mL for TEN and 125-375µg/mL for DOL. The LOD values of EMT, TEN and DOL were found 91.78µg/mL, 10.47µg/mL and 19.28µg/mL correspondingly. The LOQ values of EMT, TEN and DOL were found and 278.11µg/mL, 31.74µg/mL and 58.42µg/mL correspondingly. The assay outcomes for all drugs were observed between 99.11-100.84%. To access the method's stability indicating capabilities, the drugs were exposed to various environmental (acid, alkaline, neutral, oxidative, photolytic and thermal) conditions. CONCLUSION: The established approach was considered to be accurate, linear, precise, specific, robust and it can be utilized to analyse the drugs mentioned in its tablet.

A clinical review and history of pubic lice.

The ectoparasite Pthirus pubis (PtP), commonly known as the crab or pubic louse, has plagued primates from prehistoric apes to Homo sapiens. We combed the literature from antiquity to the present day, reviewing the pubic louse's origins, its evolution with mankind, and its presentation and management. MEDLINE and EMBASE provided the greatest yield of literature compared with other databases. Estimates for PtP incidence range from 0.3% to 4.6% and for prevalence around 2% in adults. War, disasters and overcrowding support lice transmission, but modern pubic hair grooming has reduced the incidence of PtP in recent years. PtP, is usually found on pubic hair, but may infest scalp and body hair, eyebrows and eyelashes. Reports suggest the possibility of PtP as a vector for Bartonella spp. and Acinetobacter spp., which require further study. Transmission of PtP is via close contact, so sexual abuse and concomitant sexually transmitted infections should be considered. Symptoms and signs of infestation include pruritus, red papules and rust/brown deposits from feeding or faecal matter. Visualization of live lice confirms the diagnosis. Traditional treatments include hand-picking and combing, but in modern times pediculicidal products may generate faster resolution. Permethrin or pyrethrins are the first-line recommendations. Resistance to pediculicides is common with head lice and is presumed likely with PtP, although data are lacking. Pseudoresistance occurs as a result of poor compliance, incorrect or ineffective dosing, and reinfestation. In true resistance, a different pediculicide class should be used, e.g. second-line agents such as phenothrin, malathion or ivermectin. Lice have existed long before humans and given their adaptability, despite habitat challenges from fashion trends in body hair removal, are likely to continue to survive.

Estimation of Duloxetine Hydrochloride in Pharmaceutical Formulations by RP-HPLC Method.

Simple, specific, accurate and precise method, namely, reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography was developed for estimation of duloxetine HCl in pharmaceutical formulations. For the high performance liquid chromatography method, Phenomenox C-18, 5 µm column consisting of 250×4.6 mm i.d. in isocratic mode, with mobile phase containing 0.01M 5.5 pH phosphate buffer: acetonitrile (60:40 v/v) and final pH adjust to 5.5±0.02 with phosphoric acid was used. The flow rate was 1.2 ml/min and effluent was monitored at 231 nm. The retention time was 5.61 min. The method was validated in terms of linearity, accuracy and precision. The linearity curve was found to be linear over 0.25-4 µg/ml. The limit of detection and limit of quantification were found to be 0.10 and 0.25 µg/ml respectively. The proposed method was successfully used to determine the drug content of marketed formulations.